![[?]](/~brandon/images/qmark.gif)
- represents information which is (as of yet) unverified.
![[vi]](/~brandon/images/icon-iv.gif)
- Represents Starwars IV, A New Hope
![[vi]](/~brandon/images/icon-v.gif)
- Represents Starwars V, The Empire Strikes Back
![[vi]](/~brandon/images/icon-vi.gif)
- Represents Starwars VI, Return of the Jedi
_.-------------------[ The B A D G U I D E to ]------------------._ / .----------------------------------------------------------------. \ | | ______ ____________ ___ ________ | | | | / _____|____ ____| / \ | ____ \ | | | | ( (___ | | / \ | |____) ) | | | | \____ \ | | / ^ \ | __ / | | | |________________) ) | | / /~~~\ \ | | \ \ ___________| | | __________________/ |__|__/__/ __\__\|__| \______________ | | ___________ \ / / \ | ____ \ / _____________ | | | \ \ __ / / \ | |____) ) ( (___ | | | | \ \ / \ / / ^ \ | __ / \____ \ | | | | \ ` /\ ' / /~~~\ \ | | \ \ _______) ) | | | | \__/ \__/__/ \__\|__| \____________/ | | | | | | \ `----------------------------------------------------------------' / `----------------------[ Revision 5.3, 9-28-94 ]---------------------'Compiled by Brandon Gillespie <brandon@cc.usu.edu>
The Bad Guide to Star Wars is Copyright 1993, 1994 by Brandon Gillespie, all rights reserved. The Bad Guide to Star Wars may be publicly distributed and reproduced, as long as no profit is made, nor is any charge required for a copy.
The Bad Guide to Star Wars, Revision 5.3 is actually in a half state. It has taken quite a bit of work and several different aborted revision attempts to find a format I like. In the end I simply have done it as a single large list, rather than to try to categorize each entry. This is because most of the entries are quite hard to categorize, and can fit into several of the categories I managed to come up with.I will be sifting through the uncountable comments I have been sent by people, Revision 5.4+ will reflect all of these updates. When I am finished adding in the changes I will create a continuity guide, which will be an attempt at indexing when each event happens in the film (should make it easier to find each one while watching them). The final result will be Revision 6.
Until then, Enjoy!
-Brandon Gillespie
Backwards FilmNote: This may be intentional to create an eerie effect.
The Biggs ScenesMany people believe they saw these scenes in the theater. However, the only place where footage containing Biggs can be found is in the Star Wars Storybooks.
C-3PO: Loose FootingNear the line, "Well, my little friend, you've got something jammed in here real good." Just as the hologram appears, C-3P0 falls off the step he is on. Recovering quickly, it is all but unnoticable.
Note: This could simply be surprise on C-3PO's behalf.
C-3PO: Falling Apart
Just as C-3PO enters the area and lifts his arm to tap Han's shoulder.
Neil <nwa101@psuvm.psu.edu> writes:
The "hydrolic mechanism" attached to his elbow and upper arm becomes detached. I'm not sure but I remember catching a glimpse of something falling to the floor. Then you can clearly see this "mechanism" protruding out of C-3PO's upper arm, it is not attached to his elbow any more.
C-3P0, King of the EwoksThere is also a shot of R2-D2 untied when he has not been cut loose yet.
C-3PO was originally scripted as a "used car salesman" type
Special effects rely on rephotography in order to manipulate images. If the intermediate film format is larger than than a standard 35mm film frame, the final special effects shot will have greater clarity. Many effects have been done using 70mm film, but it has the disadvantage of a limited variety of film stock. So what was needed was a significantly larger image size that still used the standard 35mm film format. We [ILM] started looking for a solution to this problem in the history of film technology. Since its beginning, the motion picture industry agreed that 35mm film with a certain type of perforation should be the international standard [...] [in this format] there is a space for the picture and next to it a strip reserved for the sound track. ([...] 4 sprocket holes per frame). Surprisingly enough the picture area is about the size of an average postage stamp. [...][During the 50's there was two alternate types of film projection, based off the 35mm standard] 20th Century Fox introduced wide- screen Cinemascope, and Paramount Pictures introduced VistaVision. [Cinemascope was the most popular. Cinemascope optically squeezes a wider picture on the film, and when it is projected it `unsqueezes' it (refer to nifty ascii drawing). Cinemascope only required a new projector lens, when VistaVision required a whole new projector. Cinemascope is still in use today] VistaVision put the 35mm film on its side, and rather than the normal four perforations between pictures, VistaVision boubled the size of each picture, and measured eight perforations per frame. [this means more film area per frame, better clarity] [...] What does this all have to do with ILM and special efefcts? While most of the VistaVision projectors were junked and many of the cameras with the famous eight-perf hearth were torn apart and discarded [after VistaVision fell from popularity] there were still some perfectionists who felt that this larger negative had its merits. A quarter of a century later the VistaVision format was resurrected, and put to use filming special effects for Star Wars. Regular Film Projection: Cinemascope: | o |_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| o | | o |_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| o | F | o _________________ o | | o _________________ o | I | o | | | | | | | | | o | | o ||||||||||||||||| o | L | o | | | / \ | | | o | | o |||||||/ \||||||| o | M | o | | | \ / | | | o | | o |||||||\ /||||||| o | -> | o |_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| o | | o ||||||||||||||||| o | | o _________________ o | | o _________________ o | S _________________ _________________________________ C | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | R | | | / \ | | | | | | | | | | / \ | | | | | | | E | | | \ / | | | | | | | | | | \ / | | | | | | | E |_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| |_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| N -> VistaVision: Film Screen --------------------------------------- o o o o o o o o o o | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | / \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | / \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ / | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ / | | | | | | | |_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| |_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| o o o o o o o o o o --------------------------------------- Basically, what ended up hapenning is ILM grabbed all of the old vintage VistaVision camera's, made Star Wars, and resurrected the format. Soon after Star Wars was released Camera's which ILM had bought for pennies and dimes before were being valued as royal crown jewels by camera shops.
The scenes where Han is frozen in carbonite, and those when he is later unfrozen in Jabba's Palace contain many inconsistencies:
Before Han is lowered into the carbonite, he has shackles around the upper part of his arms, which holds them to his body. However, when he is unfrozen, he no longer has them on his arms.
Althought it would seem Han looses the shackles about his hands (as he is bound before, but when Boushh thaws him out they are up about shoulder level, a few feet apart) they were actually removed before he was frozen.
Han is not wearing his vest through several scenes. You see his torso as completely white (his shirt is white). Those are the medium close up shots of Han. When the camera cuts to long shots, Han is wearing his vest.
There is a strap across Han's shoulder which is not around afterwards.
It was also noted that Han's shirt is un-tucked when he gets frozen, but tucked-in when he is thawed out. Furthermore, upon closer inspection we find that Han is wearing a double-breasted shirt upon getting thawed, but when he is frozen it is a tunic-style shirt.
Paul Joseph Mitchell <mav+@CMU.EDU> writes:
When Han and Lando are talking in the rebel hanger right before the strike team departs in the stolen Imperial shuttle. Watch Lando, the gun belt strap across his chest changes sides between different cuts during the same scene.
In the scene where Darth Vader asks, "Did your men disable the Millenium Falcon's hyperdrive?", (just before R2D2 fixes the hyperdrive) Piett's rank insignia switches from the left side to the right side.
After Piette is promoted from Captain to Admiral in The Empire Strikes back, his rank insignia is upgraded (from 3 or 4 red and blue bars to six bars), and remains consistent throughout the rest of the film. However, throughout Return of the Jedi, his insignia is three red and blue bars, even though he is still an Admiral.
When Boba Fett nods to Boussh (Leia) in Jabba's Palace.
Fett's costume appears reversed. His cape, which normally hangs off his left shoulder, is hanging off his right shoulder. More noticeable is the fact that his helmet sensor antenna, which is supposed to be on the right side of his helmet, is moved to the left side of his helmet.
Brian Sebby <data@imsa.edu> writes:
In Return of the Jedi, before Darth Vader and Luke have their lightsaber battle in the Emperor's throne room.
If you look carefully at Vader's costume right before the battle, you will see that his cape is draped behind his right shoulder...yet, a few minutes into the battle, the cape has been draped over the shoulder...do you think Vader would take the time in the middle of a battle to adjust his cape?
Chewbacca: Boots for Feet
Some time on Cloud City when Chewie is running away from the camera (specific scene unknown) the angle is such that you see the bottoms of Chewie's feet, and the heel of the boots that make up the feet of Peter Mayhew's costume.
Chewbacca: Timewarp Chewie
When the trash compactor walls are closing in on our heroes aboard the Deathstar, watch Chewie. His position changes in three cuts. First he is holding the wall, next he is putting up his crossbow, then he is again holding the wall.
Cliff!The actor is none other than Cliff Claven from TV's Cheers (real name of: John Ratzenberger).
Confusion in battleNote: Not only was he referring to the wrong person, but I believe Gold Leader was dead at this point. As a side note, Red Leader's microphone attached to the helmet also switches from side to side.
Darth Vader's MaskNote: Lucas wanted to make it completely dark, but could not do it in the first show. This problem was fixed in the later shows.
Darth Vader plays Charades
Robert Alan Danforth <rd2b+@andrew.cmu.edu> writes:
There is a scene where Darth and Tarkin are talking about Obi-wan. During part of the dialog, Darth stops talking, but keeps gesticulating as though he is saying something. Tarkin doesn't respond to his comment until after he stops gesticulating. Obviously, they had some difficulty timing the voice over with Darth Vader's movements in this scene.
There are several scenes where Vader's Light saber is performing at less than `peak' quality...
This is the same as above, except for in a different scene. Before Vader ignites his saber for the first time in Cloud City, you can clearly see the actual uncolored rod. However, it isn't white like in the first film but dark gray which blends in against Vader's costume. The best way to see it is to wait until he ignites his saber, then rewind the film with your eye on where the lightsaber was and you can see it.
You can see a shadow of the light saber, just after Luke knocks Vader down the stairs and Vader gets up. Vader's lightsabre is casting a shadow on the ground.
Note: These mis-cuts also demonstrate the effect of the actor tilting the lightsaber away from himself to simulate extension.
The Death Star was Comitte Built
Jeffrey Gold <jgold@mail.physics.utah.edu> writes:
In Star Wars ANH, watch the stage panels (in the background, behind Grand Moff Tarkin, and Darth Vader). They are constanly swinging to and fro. Remember, the Death Star was designed by committe, and funded by a government...
DewbackThe second time you see it, is the scene when Luke and Ben have reached the city, and are parking the Landspeeder. It is rather hard to find, as it is in the background. But, if you look closely, you can see it next to [need more info]
Note: The Dewbak is a Giant Green lizard used for transportation.
If you read his (George Lucas's) biography Skywalking, it talks about how his secretaries would type his notes, and he would have the same name spelled different ways at different places in the manuscript. The secretaries just used their own consistent spellings which they then checked with George.
However, it is an acknowledged error that Wookiee is spelled with one E in the original novel. TIE is generally capitalized because it is an acronym; my assumption is that Foster (who ghost-wrote the novel) didn't know this and spelled in a way that appeared to him to be more logical.
Also of possible interest is the fact that at least one spelling changed over the course of the troligy. In any reference printed before 1983, Jabba the Hutt is spelled with one T. With the premeire of Jedi, for some reason, the "official" spelling changed to include 2 T's, perhaps to more clearly indicate that it was Jabba's race (avoiding confusion with the English word "hut")--but that is pure speculation on my part.
Droids are really humans!
In the scene when Artoo first gets put into the Jawa's sandcrawler. As he looks around at the creatures, you seen R5-D4, followed by more creatures, and then a second shot at R5-D4.
After the second shot, when the camera turns back to R2-D2, R2 turns his head, revealing the face for the pupetteer driving R2 through the bubble on R2-D2's head.
Emperor defies low clearance
While the Emperor is walking down the ramp of the Imperial Shuttle Craft, onboard the Death Star, his head somehow manages to go through the front of the Shuttle Craft.
It has also been noted that Darth Vader does the same thing, when his shuttle lands on Endor (while he is waiting for Luke). Does this actually occur twice, or is one of the above incorrect?
The Emperor's "slugs"
These can be seen is a few scenes, however the most prominent is when Luke is watching the Rebel fleet being led into a trap. During this time small black spots are seen on the emporers head, primarily on the left side. These are known as the "Emperor's slugs", due to their sluglike appearance. Daniel Goldman <dgoldman@Xenon.Stanford.EDU> makes an educated guess as to the reason of their existence:
You will notice that the Emperor's eyes are lit by a soft sickly-green spotlight in that scene. The problem with normal spots, is that when you try to get them that tight, there is always a little spillover, which gets even worse if the subject is moving. Probably, the green light was lighting things that should not have been lit, like the back of the hood, or a part of his fact that had not been made up (ears or hair, perhaps). The optics crew then manually blacked out the `overflowing' area's.
Explosive Asteriods
Robert Alan Danforth <rd2b+@andrew.cmu.edu< writes:
In the asteriod battle scene, there is a part where the camera angle cuts to a wide shot of all the asteriods. Something clearly explodes on one of the asteroids (it even makes a sound), but nothing actually hits the asteroid. (There are two tie's chasing the falcon at this point, but both are visible during this part, and neither of them is the cause of the explosion.)
My guess is that there was originally more to this scene, and the real cause of the explosion ended up sharing the same fate as Biggs (being left on the cutting room floor). Perhaps we are supposed to believe these small asteriods are volcanic? Or that some asteroid, too small to be percieved by the viewer collides very forcibly with the larger asteriod just at that point in the movie?
Note: this could be a place where a TIE Fighter was supposed to crash, but which either was lost during editing, or in the conversion to video.
Greedo at Jaba's (a clone?)
Aaron Romanowsky <romanow@vorpal.ucsb.edu> writes:
when the droids first enter Jabba's throne room, you hear a lot of alien voices murmuring... if you listen closely, one of them is Greedo's voice speaking the exact same dialogue he said to Han in Star Wars.
Han the perve
Watch when Leia is shot on Endor, Han grabs her and pulls her back to safety. Keep an eye on his hand...
Inconsistent sequencing?
When Luke, Han, and the others were to be thrown into the sand creature on Tatooine. Han and Lando are standing on the levitating platform and one of Jabba's men fires a shot, hitting the vehicle, causing it to tilt at a precarious angle.
As everybody scrambles to balance themselves, you see Han grab the edge of the ship with his hands, and is hanging over the edge. But, a few seconds later, they show him hanging by his feet.
Mark Swartz <swartz@bigdog.engr.arizona.edu> follows up:
It says that Han falls of the skiff and grabs on by his hands, but later he is hanging by his feet. If you watch carefully, when he goes out of view, you can see his shadow, and he pulls himself up, and flips around to hang by his feet!
Luke: Carrie! er, Leia!Note: This has been verified by Lucas.
Luke: The Magic Cup Trick
At the beginning part of the sequence where Luke is eathing with Owen and Beru, his cup is in his left hand. Later on, it magically appears in his right hand.
Note: This happens twice, and is most likely a result of the film being reversed, which happens several times throughout the film.
Luke uses a "stage hand"After one of the pieces breaks the window into the huge shaft, and Luke is sucked through. We see him hanging from a catwalk with both hands. He should have lost his lightsaber, while hanging on for dear life. However, in the next scene, he's holding his saber in his hand again! Did Luke take the time to put his saber back into his belt as he was being sucked into a void? Or was their a friendly stage hand available to give him a new one?
Note: This is actually a result of the conversion from film to video, where the sides are chopped. In the letterboxed version the saber is near the edge of the screen, lying on the catwalk.
Luke: What? I cannot hear you!
Neil <nwa101@psuvm.psu.edu> writes:
After you here the roar of the Dia naga Luke turns his head and moves his mouth, but nothing comes out. You do not have to be a professional lip-reader to know he says, "What's that?". A moment later you see him do it again but you can only catch the end of what he said and therefore cannot decipher it. This is definately in the VHS version, but I am not sure about any other.
Luke's Hand?Note: Often times the conversion to video looses a bit of quality. Floating mattes show up quite well due to this.
Right after the rebels arrive at the Death Star, and they figure
out that the shields are still up, after Admiral Akbar says
It's a Trap!" followed by Lando saying, "Enemy fighters
coming in". As the Millenium Falcon fly's directly at the
audience, and leaves the screen (upper right), pause the picture.
You will see 2 little white "H" shapes on the
Falcon's underside, where space was reserved for 2 TIE fighters.
As Doug Tooley points out, the tie fighters actually are in the scene. They were intended to be hidden behind the Falcon (which is why they are so small). You can see them before they cross the Falcon. It is simply a perspective problem which was messed up (understandable given the compexity of the scene).
Jeffrey Gold <jgold@mail.physics.utah.edu< writes:
In the scene where the streams of TIE fighters are girdling the Death Star, three enter from the right of the screen to join the group girdling the Death Star, except for they disappear before the scene is finished.
Lukas Kendall <ldkendal@unix.amherst.edu> writes:
There is an inconsistency in the number of "window frames" in the Millenium Falcon's cockpit. The cockpit features a single circular window facing front, with a rim of windows immediately arround that, surrounded by more windows. It is the first rim of windows that has the inconsistency in A New Hope--when we see from inside the cockpit, there are only three windows, with window frames as so:
_\/_However, when we see an exterior shot of the Falcon, this rim is divided into quarters, as so:
_\|/_In the Empire Strikes Back, the interior of the Falcon is corrected to match with the outside (with the rim divided into four windows).
Millenium Falcon: Stowaways will be shot on sight
In the first scene of the Millenium Falcon's cockpit. Behind Han and Chewie, there is a person standing. A few seconds later they move out of the shot.
Note: This may just be in the Letterbox version.
Millenium Falcon: Fuzzy racing dice
Rajiv Udani <rku45136@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu> writes:
When Chewie runs to the cockpit to fly the Falcon out of Mos Eisley, his head hits 2 small objects that look very much like small dice.
Nein Numb speaksNote: I have not heard any official information either way.
Oops, watch the costume
Oola, the green dancing girl in Jabba's palace accidentally "falls out of her costume" when Jabba is trying to drag her towards him. Her breast can be seen for 1 or 2 frames.
Paper Audience
R2-D2: Bad guidance sensors
At the beginning of the movie onboard the rebel corvette, which is currently attempting to escape an Imperial Star Destroyer. As Leia is giving a message to R2-D2, R2 starts to roll away. If the scene would have continued on, he would have rolled into the wall.
R2-D2: Bad R2, Bad R2, you stay...good boy.
Bryan Carolan Dunne <carolan@owlnet.rice.edu< writes:
When R5-D4's head pops open during the scene where Uncle Owen in buying him, they cut to a shot of R2 with R5 next to him. Then they cut to the Jawas dragging R5 away from Luke, who is nowhere near R2.
Revenge of the Jedi
Aaron Romanowsky <romanow@vorpal.ucsb.edu> writes:
C-3PO gets a dent on the right side of his head when he falls and breaks off his arm; he still has this dent throughout the movie, but in one shot at the end, when he's next to Leia in the Rebel Control Room, the film has been reversed -- the dent is on his left side, and Leia is now on the right of him.
Dan Uslan <duslan@sdcc13.ucsd.edu> writes:
When C-3PO and R2-D2 crash-land on Tattooine, C-3PO has a large grease stain down the left side of his chest. A few minutes later this stain is on the right side.
Shells for Laser ammunition?The laser rifles are actually modified Sterling 9mm submachine guns, and when filming the shoot-outs they used blank bullets (so they would know when they were fired, and they would simulate "kick-back") which eject spent cases as if they were real bullets.
Storm Trooper: Low clearanceThe door opens and Storm Troopers walk in. The trooper behind and on the right of the lead trooper hits his head.
Note: There has been a hot debate about whether this was supposed to happen, or was an accident, Ed Hirsh <duke@apple.com> writes:
The scene where the stormtrooper hits his head as he enters the communications room is not in the script. Here is the scene as it is written by George Lucas (Reprinted w/o permission): ---------[ begin Star Wars Script: INTERIOR: DEATH STAR -- MAIN GANTRY -- COMMAND OFFICE. A soft buzzer and the muted voice of Luke calling out for See-Threepio can be heard on Threepio's hand comlink, which is sitting on the deserted computer console. Artoo and Threepio are nowhere in sight. Suddenly there is a great explosion and the door of the control tower flies across the floor. Four armed stormtroopers enter the chamber. FIRST TROOPER: Take over! (pointing to the dead officer) See to him! Look there! ----------[ end Star Wars Script So the First Trooper was supposed to say "See to him!" But it was directed toward the previously killed officer!!
TIE Pilot goes up in a ball of flameA friend of mine told me about reading a story on the special effects in the Star Wars movies just after Return of the Jedi came out. In the story, the special effects guy talked about them creating a scene in the Empire Strikes Back where a TIE Fighter pilot is visible in a ball of flame after his ship is blown up. After watching all the movies on his wide-screen laser disk version, we found it.
In the Empire Strikes Back, side 2, frames 23967-23983. It is the scene where the Falcon first enters the asteroid field. The first TIE Fighter to get hit by an asteroid explodes. In the center of the explosion you can see the pilot (on fire) spinning from the center of the screen to the lower left. I checked it out on my letterboxed VHS version (from the beginning of the tape (not the beginning of the movie) it is 39 min. and 40 sec. (to 39 min. and 41 sec.)) it is visible but I only have a 3 head VCR and the freeze frame sucks. But it's there... honest.
Trampolines aboard Cloud City?
When Luke is fighting Vader, after he knocks Vader off the edge and jumps down behind him.
If you look and listen closely, you will hear Luke bounce on a trampoline-like device. Then, his head magically reappears at the bottom of the screen, for a short moment.
Watch the Hair
Geoff <iigs@wam.umd.edu> writes:
In the Emperor's Throne Room during the duel between Luke and Vader, there is a scene where luke does a sumersault jump to a floor above where he originally was. If you look at the hair of Luke jumping, you will notice that the stunt double's hair is much more blonde than Mark Hamill's
White protocol droid
There are three scenes where a white protocol droid can be seen (rather than the more common silver or gold colors). The first is in the command post on Hoth. The white driod is standing to the left behind one of the glass monitors. It is in the shadows, so it could easilly be mistaken for C-3PO.
The second time is in the scene that starts with the line, "We can't protect two transports at the same time". At the end of the scene the driod is standing to the right, in the background between two people. It is definitely not C-3PO, as he is standing in the foreground at the same time.
Later, the droid is seen sitting in one of the chairs to the left of the command post, obviously non-functional at this time.
Zelous security measures
Name E-mail Address Aaron Romanowsky romanow@vorpal.ucsb.edu Andy Hofle hofle@cs.utexas.edu Bryan Carolan Dunne carolan@owlnet.rice.edu Cleavy McKnight cleavy@pangea.Stanford.EDU Dan Uslan duslan@sdcc13.ucsd.edu Daniel Goldman dgoldman@Xenon.Stanford.EDU Daniel S. Highlands dh4x+@andrew.cmu.edu Darryll Hobson hobson@mprgate.mpr.ca David Kember (Gallandro) dkemper@oolong.hacks.arizona.edu Dax Shifrel dax@netlink.cts.com Doug Brod dbrod@eng.clemson.edu Doug Tooley djtooley@undergrad.math.uwaterloo.ca Ed Hirsch duke@apple.com Geoff (The Doctor) iigs@wam.umd.edu Jason Walsh jwalsh@morgan.ucs.mun.ca Jeff baker jkb@hurricane.ksu.ksu.edu Jefferey Gold jgold@mail.physics.utah.edu John Hagerman hagerman@ece.cmu.edu Kevin Lauderdale kxl@camis.stanford.edu Kevin Mitchell kam@genesis.MCS.COM Klaus Gassner kgassner@vax1.umkc.edu Mark Swartz swartz@bigdog.engr.arizona.edu Michael Clark ae604@Freenet.carleton.ca Michael Palencar redfive@ucscb.UCSC.EDU Mike (Starman) meg5184@hertz.njit.edu Murray Chapman muzzle@cs.uq.oz.au Nathan Hill nnhill@david.wheaton.edu Neil NWA101@PSUVM.PSU.EDU Norm Yamane nyamane@nyx.UUCP Paul Joseph Mitchell mav+@CMU.EDU Rajiv Udani rku45136@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu Rob Johnson 2559johnsonr@vms.csd.mu.edu Robert Alan Danforth rd2b+@andrew.cmu.edu Ryan Smith mithry@uwstout.edu Scott B. Casteel sbc@po.CWRU.Edu Todd Chambers todd@goat.geo.arizona.edu